In the last lecture, we learned about encapsulation - bundling data and methods that act on that data into an object. We learned about using closures to hide internal data and restrict access to them.
The nice thing about encapsulation is that we can re-use makeFriendsManager to create multiple objects that look alike: each friends manager has getFriends and addFriends methods.
This kind of function is called a factory function and each object created from this factory function is called an instance.
// factory functions return objects
const makeFriendsManager = () => {
const friends = [];
return {
getFriends() {
return [...friends];
},
addFriend(newFriend) {
if (typeof newFriend !== 'string') {
throw Error('new friends must be strings');
};
friends.push(newFriend);
}
}
}
// instances of the factory function have their own friends
const reuben = makeFriendsManager();
reuben.addFriend('carmen')
reuben.addFriend('ann')
reuben.addFriend('motun')
console.log(reuben.getFriends()); // ['carmen', 'ann', 'motun']
const maya = makeFriendsManager();
maya.addFriend('ben')
maya.addFriend('gonzalo')
console.log(maya.getFriends()); // ['ben', 'gonzalo']
Factory Functions Waste Memory
The instances reuben and maya definitely have the same behavior. But do they share that behavior? That is, are the methods they each have referencing the same exact function?
console.log(reuben);
// {
// getFriends: [Function: getFriends],
// addFriend: [Function: addFriend]
// }
console.log(maya);
// {
// getFriends: [Function: getFriends],
// addFriend: [Function: addFriend]
// }
// so, are they the same object?
console.log(reuben === maya);
// are the methods of these objects the same?
console.log(reuben.addFriend === maya.addFriend);
Answer
No! They are not the same. Each time the factory function is invoked, a brand new object is made and the methods are recreated as well. This is a waste of memory!
We'll end up with two objects, each with two methods for a total of 4 methods. It would be great if we could share them.
Classes
A class defines a type of object and the properties/methods that those objects will share.
Q: Suppose we wanted to create a class to represent users. What would the default properties be? What methods would be shared by each instance?
The User class would have a constructor function for making a User instance with properties like username, email, and password
The User class might have methods like changeUsername or setPassword
Class Definition and new
Many programming languages implement classes in some manner.
In JavaScript, it starts with the class keyword, an uppercase name, and curly braces. Like this:
// class definitions
class Person {
}
// creating class instances with the `new` keyword
const ben = new Person();
const carmen = new Person();
// Instances are objects derived from a particular class
console.log(ben); // User {}
console.log(carmen); // User {}
With a class definition, we can create new instances of that class using the new keyword. An instance is an object that is derived from a class.
Note: Even though Person is treated like a function (we invoke it), you must use the new keyword when making an instance (you'll get an error if you don't)
// User is a function, but you can't just call it
console.log(typeof Person); // function
const ben = Person(); // error: you must use the new keyword to invoke a constructor function
Instanceof
We can use the instanceof operator (kind of like the typeof operator) to see if an object is derived from the given class.
Right now, the class definitions only allow us to create blank objects. But objects are only useful if they have properties.
There are two kinds of properties that instances of a class can have:
Properties with default values
Properties whose values are provided when the instance is "constructed"
class Person {
// Default properties are defined here. We can change these later.
// Notice that the `this` keyword isn't used
friends = []
// The constructor allows the creator of the instance to specify property values
constructor(name, age) {
// The `this` keyword references the new instance object being created
// We're setting properties on that new object
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}
const ben = new Person('ben', 30);
const gonzalo = new Person('gonzalo', 36);
console.log(ben, gonzalo);
// Person { name: 'ben', age: 29, friends: [] }
// Person { name: 'gonzalo', age: 36, friends: [] }
Class constructor functions have some quirks to get used to:
constructor is a special method name. You must use this name. When you create a new instance of a class using new, JavaScript will look to see if the class has a constructor method and it will execute that method.
The constructor function can accept parameters whose values are provided when the instance is made
The this keyword, when used in a constructor, references the new instance object being created.
Defining Instance Methods
Remember, encapsulation wants us to bundle data with methods that operate on that data.
Adding methods to a class definition looks like this:
class Person {
friends = [];
constructor(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
// notice that we don't have commas between methods
// These methods are shared by ALL instances of the class
addFriend(newFriend) {
// When used in a method, this references the object invoking the method
if (typeof newFriend !== 'string') {
throw Error('new friends must be strings');
};
this.friends.push(newFriend);
}
greet() {
console.log(`Hi, I'm ${this.name}, I am ${this.age} years old and I have ${this.friends.length} friends.`);
}
}
const ben = new Person('ben', 30);
ben.addFriend('carmen');
ben.addFriend('gonzalo');
ben.addFriend('maya');
ben.greet(); // Hi, I'm ben, I am 30 years and I have 3 friends.
When used in a method, the this keyword refers to the object invoking the method.
const ben = new Person('ben', 30);
const gonzalo = new Person('gonzalo', 36);
// they are the same method
console.log(ben.addFriend === gonzalo.addFriend); // true
// when we invoke the method, the value of `this` changes
ben.addFriend('motun'); // adding to ben's friends list
gonzalo.addFriend('reuben'); // adding to gonzalo's friends list
We currently have an issue, we can once again directly access the friends array leading to issues, but we'll resolve that in the next lesson!
class ShoppingCart {
constructor() {
this.items = [];
}
addItem(item) {
// we can get fancy and ensure that the incoming item is a FoodItem with instanceof
if (!(item instanceof FoodItem)) return;
this.items.push(item);
}
getTotalPrice() {
return this.items.reduce((total, item) => total + item.price, 0)
}
}
Summary
A class defines a type of object with shared methods and properties
It has a constructor function for defining the default properties that every instance of that class (objects of that type) will have.
All instances of that class inherit the class' methods.
Classes are defined using the class keyword
Instances of a class are created using the new keyword and the class constructor.
When used in a constructor function, this points to the newly created object
When used in a method, this points to the object invoking the method
class Animal {
owners = [];
constructor (species, sound) {
this.species = species;
this.sound = sound;
}
makeSound() {
console.log(this.sound)
}
}
const dog = new Animal('canine', 'woof');
dog.makeSound(); // 'woof'
const cat = new Animal('feline', 'meow');
cat.makeSound(); // 'meow'
