1. HTML

Follow along with code examples here!

Table of Contents

• Markup Languages

  • The file:// protocol vs the http:// protocol

• How to write HTML

  • Nesting Elements

  • Links and Attributes

  • Images and Self-Closing Tags

  • Ids and Classes

• Properly formatted document

• Semantic vs Non Semantic Elements

• Quiz

Markup Languages

The most basic kind of a file is a .txt file which simply stores a string of characters. A .txt file is not considered "code" because its characters are interpreted literally.

A markup language on the other hand contains symbols that will not be interpreted literally and instead influence how the text inside is viewed.

Markdown (written in .md files) is considered a markup language. For example, when we view ("render") the double-asterisk symbols ** surrounding a word, the text inside will become bold:

Here is some **bold** text.

Similarly, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a markup language and our browsers are the applications we use to view them.

<h1>Hello World!</h1>
<p>This is some <strong>bold</strong> text</p>

To illustrate the difference between markup languages and regular .txt files, do the following:

• In your unit-2 folder, create a new folder called intro-to-html

• Create two files called index.txt and index.html

• Put the code above inside both of them:

• Right click on the index.html file and select Reveal in Finder/Explorer

• Open Chrome. Then drag and drop the index.html into the tab bar (there should be a + icon)

• Then do the same for your index.txt file.

What is the difference between how they are presented by Chrome?

A txt and an html file side by side.

At the end of the day, your browser is essentially built to render text and images.

• The browser can interpret .html files and render content with style. It can also execute JavaScript!

• The first HTML file you should create for a new website should always be index.html

  • index.html is a magic name that servers will automatically look for if a user enters a domain without a file extension: test.com is the same as test.com/index.html.

• index.html is commonly known as the entry point

The file:// protocol vs the http:// protocol

When you open an HTML file directly to view in your browser, your browser uses the file:// protocol to retrieve the .html file from your file system.

using the file protocol to get the html file

• Most of the time, your browser will be using the https:// protocol to get the .html file from a server.

• A server is just another computer, somewhere else, that provides a resource to another computer (over the internet in this case)

• HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is how your browser communicates with a server.

using the https protocol to get the html file

How to write HTML

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the language used to build webpages. It describes content and structure of a webpage. In other words, what to display and where/how to display it.

HTML elements are created using a pair of opening and closing tags:

<!-- This is a "heading" -->
<h1>My awesome website</h1>

<!-- This is a "paragraph" -->
<p>My hobbies are...</p>

<!-- This is an "unordered list", a.k.a. a bullet list -->
<ul>
  <!-- "list items" are nested inside the ul -->
  <li>coding</li>
  <li>soccer</li>
  <li>cooking</li>
</ul>

• We create a comment with the syntax <!-- comment -->

• Notice the opening tag (<tagName>) and the closing tag (</tagName>) for each HTML element

  • The tag name determines how the content inside them is displayed (e.g. as a heading, a paragraph, or a bulleted list)

  • Only the content between the tags is displayed to the user. The angle brackets (<>) and the tag name are not displayed.

More about headings: headings are created using the tags h1 through h6. The first heading should always be h1 and there should only be one h1 per page. Subsequent headings should flow in descending order to indicate the structure of the document.

Nesting Elements

As you may have noticed with the ul element, tags can nest other tags inside them.

An element that is commonly used to contain other elements is the <div> element (short for "division").

<div>
  <p>This is nested inside the division</p>
  <p>We can put as much stuff in here as we want!<p>
  <div>
    <p>And nest quite deeply!</p>
  </div>
</div>

Nested elements should always be indented one level for readability.

Other examples of this are the ordered list and unordered list tags and their list items:

<!-- An ordered list is rendered with numbers -->
<h2>Steps to make dinner</h2>
<ol>
  <li>Get freezer meal</li>
  <li>Put in microwave</li>
  <li>Eat</li>
</ol>

<!-- An unordered list is rendered with bullets -->
<h2>Pets</h2>
<ul>
  <li>Dogs</li>
  <li>Cats</li>
  <li>Fish</li>
</ul>

We refer to the element acting as the "container" as the parent and the elements nested inside as the children. Tags that are in the same nesting level next to each other are sibling tags.

Q: What is the relationship between a ul and the li elements inside? What about the relationship between the ul and the h2 element?

The ul element is the parent and the li elements are its children. The ul and h2 elements are siblings.

Links and Attributes

One of the most basic elements in a website is a link to another page. We create a link element (a.k.a. an "anchor") using the <a> tag:

<!-- The href attribute goes in the opening tag -->
<a href="https://google.com">Go to Google</a>

Notice that this tag contains extra code inside of the opening <a> tag! href stands for "hyperlink reference" and is an "attribute". Attributes provide additional piece of information used to render an element and are included in the opening tag.

• In this case, the content between the tags is what the user will see while the href attribute tells the browser where to redirect the user after clicking on the link.

Links can take you to online sites, local or absolute pages of our own, or even reference elements within the page (they link to ids)

<a href="https://google.com">Go to Google</a>
<a href="./">Go Home</a>
<a href="./about">Our About Page</a>
<a href="#more-information">See more information</a>

• Be careful with relative links: "/" is the root of the server which may not be where you mean.

• Local links ./, ../ will direct you from your current directory.

• Links can also be nested, but will still flow seamlessly in the final document.

<p> If you're looking for things <a href="https://google.com">Go to Google</a>, and you'll see ads</p>

• Link text should always be descriptive of where you're going, never just put "click here."

Images and Self-Closing Tags

Another common element type is an image. Images have one required attribute src and an optional attribute alt

<img 
  src="https://http.cat/images/415.jpg" 
  alt="cat eating a record" 
/>

• Notice that the image element doesn't require a closing bracket. It is considered a self-closing tag.

• src is the source location of the image

• alt describe the picture to screen readers.

  • If the content is central to your site, you must include an alt attribute

  • If the picture is just a decoration (like a background image) you do not need an alt attribute.

  • Be specific with your alt text.

src can be a hyperlink (a link to another web page) or a local link:

<img src="https://http.cat/images/415.jpg" alt="A cat eating a record" />

<img src="./images/lecture-prep/images/cat-pizza.png" alt="cat eating a pizza" />

• A cooler version of an image with a caption is figure, look it up!

<figure>
  <img src="./images/lecture-prep/images/cat-pizza.png" alt="cat eating a pizza" >
  <figcaption>Here we see a cat eating a pizza it does not deserve.</figcaption>
</figure>

Ids and Classes

Two attributes that we can apply to ANY element are id and class. These allow us to label elements.

• ids mark a tag as a single, unique, important item on your page.

• classes are for denoting a bunch of related tags, and can appear more than once per page.

• Both ids and classes are used to reference elements on pages so that they can be accessed, either by JS or CSS.

• They are a way to differentiate tags on your page from other identical tags.

<h1 id="main-heading">Hello world!</h1>
<p class="blue-text">lorem ipsum</p>
<p>lorem ipsum</p>
<p class="blue-text">lorem ipsum</p>
<p>lorem ipsum</p>

• id and class names are case sensitive, cannot start with numbers, and can't have spaces.

• Stylistically, in pure html, you'll see kebab-case names.

• You can have multiple classes by separating with spaces, but only one id.

• You can include both an id and class on a single tag.

<p id="important-text" class="blue funky-font">
  some text
</p>

• id = one name per page, one per tag

• class = multiple per page, multiple space separated names per tag

Properly formatted document

• The way that HTML works is it's a "document" filled with "tags".

• Let's start simple with some boilerplate to set up our document

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <!-- Everything else goes here -->
</html>

• These two tags make sure our browser knows what we're dealing with.

• Just copy them in without worrying.

• There are other doctypes and languages, but this is what we'll use

<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Document</title>
</head>

• The head tag is where we put meta information, scripts, links, and titles.

• The title tag is the only one visible to our users as what appears in the browser tag.

• meta does other things like tell the mobile browser how big to start the page and what character set we're using.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Document</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Hello World!</h1>
  </body>
</html>

• The body tag is where we can put things for our users to see.

• From here on out, always include the boilerplate above

• VS Code users: start with an empty document, type html and then from the popup, select html:5 and hit Enter

Create a new HTML file and type in html:5

Semantic vs Non Semantic Elements

• So far, all the tags we've made were semantic — their name told us about their function: h tags are headings, a are links, p are paragraphs.

• However, there's another kind of tag that conveys no meaning: non-semantic.

• Pretty much the only non-semantic tags you'll see are div and span. These are just for grouping other related tags together (div) or calling out a particular section of text (span).

<div id="main-user-info">
  <p><span class="name-text">Name:</span> Zo</p>
  <p>Age: 24</p>
  <p>Hobbies:
  <ul>
    <li>Basketball</li>
    <li>Coding</li>
  </ul>
</div>

• Non-semantic tags should only be used for grouping or grabbing parts of text.

<div>
  <div>Hobbies</div>
  <div class="hobby">Basketball</div>
  <div class="hobby">coding</div>
</div>
<!-- NO AWFUL. NEVER. -->

Quiz

Q: What is different about how the browser shows the .txt and .html files?

Answer

A browser can show the raw contents of any file, such as a .txt file but it can render a .html file with more style!

Q: Browsers are specialized "viewer" applications for .html files. What are other examples of applications that are made to view specific kinds of files?

Answer

There are tons of examples! But here are a few

• Photoshop is used to display image files like .jpg, svg, etc...

• Adobe and Preview are made to view .pdf files

• iTunes is made to play .mp3 files.

• Microsoft Word is made to view and edit .doc files

Q: How do you think these different tags affect what is displayed?

Answer

• The h1 says to make a header.

• The p says to make a normal paragraph.

• The ul says to make an unordered list with three list items (li) in it.

Q: What is wrong with the HTML below?

<h1>
Hello World!
</h3>

Answer

The closing tag does not match the opening tag! The closing tag should be </h1>.

Also, stylistically, we should indent the content of the element if we are putting each part of the tag on separate lines.

Q: When should you use <ol> and when should you use <ul>?

Answer

Use <ol> when order matters, and ul when it doesn't.

Q: In the example above, which elements are parents, which elements are children, and which elements are siblings?

Answer

• Both of the h2 tags, the ol tag and the ul tag are sibling tags

• The ol and the ul are both parent tags to their li tags

• The li tags are all children tags of the ol or ul tags

• The li tags are sibling tags within their own lists.

Q: What is wrong with this HTML element?

<img>cat-pizza.png</img>

Answer

The source of the image should be in the opening <img> tag as a src attribute.

There should also be an alt attribute describing the picture.

Q: How would you create a <p> element with the id "caption-1" and the classes "italic" and "centered"?

Answer

some text

Q: What page does this anchor tag take us to?

<a href="./">Go Home</a>

Answer

The index.html page!

Q: Which semantic tags should we use in the code snippet above?

Answer

The outermost div is okay but the text Hobbies should be inside a p or a header and the hobbies themselves should be li elements inside of a ul or an ol.

<div>
  <h3>Hobbies</h3>
  <ul>
    <li class="hobby">Basketball</li>
    <li class="hobby">coding</li>
  </ul>
</div>